Descartes

Consciousness — Its Beginnings in the Upaniṣads

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Explore how the ancient Upaniṣads redefined consciousness—not as a brain by-product but as the very essence of reality. Journey through the mahāvākyas, koshas, and states of awareness that shaped Indian philosophy and still echo in modern science, communication, and AI. This foundational vision continues to challenge reductive models and invites a deeper understanding of the self beyond name, form, and neural activity.

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Theories of Consciousness

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Explore 10 major philosophical theories of consciousness, from Descartes’ groundbreaking dualism and Chalmers’ challenging hard problem to the dynamic perspectives of enactivist approaches. This lucid and comprehensive guide unpacks how thinkers have grappled with the enigma of subjective experience—revealing why consciousness remains one of the deepest puzzles at the intersection of science, philosophy, and the study of the mind. Perfect for anyone curious about how our inner world defies easy explanation and continues to challenge both empirical research and metaphysical thought.

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